Water wells refer to excavation in the ground that are meant to provide access to groundwater for domestic as well as commercial use. Excavation of wells is done through various methods such as driving, boring, digging, and drilling. The choice of method is determined by various factors such as cost and type of well that is intended to be dug. When in need of some of the most experienced water well drillers West Texas is the best location to check out.
The history of wells is a long one. They have existed for almost as long as human beings. The first types were shallow and extended to short distances from the surface. However, as technology got better, methods of excavation became better too. Modern methods are very complex. They are more efficient, convenient, and simpler.
Three main groups of wells exist if classification is done based on what method is used to excavate them. These three groups are dug, driven, and drilled wells. Dug wells are traditional and the oldest ones. They are cheap to excavate, which makes them predominant in rural areas. Compared to dug wells, driven wells have deeper depths and feature more sophistication.
The aquifer in which wells reach can also be used to classify these excavations besides basing on the excavation technique used. Under this classification criterion are two types of wells only, that is, confined/deep and unconfined/shallow wells. Those that only reach the upper aquifer are called unconfined while deep ones are called confined. Deep wells expend to aquifers lying between impermeable strata of rock.
The purpose of a well is the third way of classifying them. This classification criterion produces two classes of wells, that is, monitoring and pumping/production wells. Diameters in production wells are larger, sometimes exceeding 15 centimeters. Materials such as plastic, metal, and concrete are used to case the diameters. These wells need to be pumped to supply water.
Monitoring wells are also called piezometers. These ones have smaller diameters compared to their pumping counterparts. They are used for monitoring hydraulic heads or for sampling groundwater to be studied for presence of chemical constituents. Classification based on the use of a well is usually rather vague given the fact that monitoring wells can be used for pumping while pumping wells can be utilized passively for monitoring purposes.
Contamination is often a major problem in wells, especially shallow ones. Wells may be contaminated by pathogens, chemicals or several other materials from different sources. Pathogen contaminants include fungi, parasites, viruses, and bacteria and they result from human or animal fecal materials. Fecal materials usually come from on-site sanitation systems like septic tanks and pit latrines.
Another common source of contamination is chemical contaminants. These originate from sewage, sewage sludge, and fertilizers in the form of nitrates. Others come from dry-cleaning and gasoline in the form of VOCs and pesticides while others come from airbag inflators and rocket fuel in form of perchlorate. Leaching also contaminates groundwater in wells with minerals. Some of the most commonly occurring mineral contaminants are arsenic, radon, lead, chromium VI, and uranium.
The history of wells is a long one. They have existed for almost as long as human beings. The first types were shallow and extended to short distances from the surface. However, as technology got better, methods of excavation became better too. Modern methods are very complex. They are more efficient, convenient, and simpler.
Three main groups of wells exist if classification is done based on what method is used to excavate them. These three groups are dug, driven, and drilled wells. Dug wells are traditional and the oldest ones. They are cheap to excavate, which makes them predominant in rural areas. Compared to dug wells, driven wells have deeper depths and feature more sophistication.
The aquifer in which wells reach can also be used to classify these excavations besides basing on the excavation technique used. Under this classification criterion are two types of wells only, that is, confined/deep and unconfined/shallow wells. Those that only reach the upper aquifer are called unconfined while deep ones are called confined. Deep wells expend to aquifers lying between impermeable strata of rock.
The purpose of a well is the third way of classifying them. This classification criterion produces two classes of wells, that is, monitoring and pumping/production wells. Diameters in production wells are larger, sometimes exceeding 15 centimeters. Materials such as plastic, metal, and concrete are used to case the diameters. These wells need to be pumped to supply water.
Monitoring wells are also called piezometers. These ones have smaller diameters compared to their pumping counterparts. They are used for monitoring hydraulic heads or for sampling groundwater to be studied for presence of chemical constituents. Classification based on the use of a well is usually rather vague given the fact that monitoring wells can be used for pumping while pumping wells can be utilized passively for monitoring purposes.
Contamination is often a major problem in wells, especially shallow ones. Wells may be contaminated by pathogens, chemicals or several other materials from different sources. Pathogen contaminants include fungi, parasites, viruses, and bacteria and they result from human or animal fecal materials. Fecal materials usually come from on-site sanitation systems like septic tanks and pit latrines.
Another common source of contamination is chemical contaminants. These originate from sewage, sewage sludge, and fertilizers in the form of nitrates. Others come from dry-cleaning and gasoline in the form of VOCs and pesticides while others come from airbag inflators and rocket fuel in form of perchlorate. Leaching also contaminates groundwater in wells with minerals. Some of the most commonly occurring mineral contaminants are arsenic, radon, lead, chromium VI, and uranium.
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